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Fernand Braudel (; 24 August 1902 – 27 November 1985) was a French historian and a leader of the Annales School. His scholarship focused on three main projects: ''The Mediterranean'' (1923–49, then 1949–66), ''Civilization and Capitalism'' (1955–79), and the unfinished ''Identity of France'' (1970–85). His reputation stems in part from his writings, but even more from his success in making the Annales School the most important engine of historical research in France and much of the world after 1950. As the dominant leader of the Annales School of historiography in the 1950s and 1960s, he exerted enormous influence on historical writing in France and other countries. Braudel has been considered one of the greatest of the modern historians who have emphasized the role of large-scale socioeconomic factors in the making and writing of history.〔i.e. Fernand Braudel, "The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II" (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996)〕 He can also be considered as one of the precursors of world-systems theory. ==Biography== Braudel was born in Luméville-en-Ornois (as of 1943, merged with and part of Gondrecourt-le-Château), in the département of the Meuse, France. His father, who was a natural mathematician, aided him in his studies. Braudel also studied a good deal of Latin and a little Greek. At the age of 20, he became an ''agrégé'' in history. While teaching at a secondary school in Algeria, 1923–32, he became fascinated by the Mediterranean Sea. From 1932 to 1935 he taught in the Paris ''lycées'' (secondary schools or high schools) of Pasteur, Condorcet, and Henri-IV. He met Lucien Febvre, the co-founder of the influential ''Annales'' journal. By 1900, the French solidified their cultural influence in Brazil through the establishment of the Brazilian Academy of Fine Arts. São Paulo still lacked a university, however, and in 1934 francophile Julio de Mesquita Filho invited anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss and Braudel to help establish one. The result was formation of the new University of São Paulo. Braudel later said that the time in Brazil was the "greatest period of his life."〔Thomas E. Skidmore, "Levi-Strauss, Braudel and Brazil: a Case of Mutual Influence." ''Bulletin of Latin American Research'' 2003 22(3): 340–349. Issn: 0261-3050 Fulltext: Ebsco〕 Braudel returned to Paris in 1937. He had started archival research on his doctorate on the Mediterranean when he fell under the influence of the Annales School around 1938. Around this time he entered the École pratique des hautes études as an instructor in history. He worked with Lucien Febvre, who would later read the early versions of Braudel's magnum opus and provide him with editorial advice. At the outbreak of war in 1939, he was called up and subsequently taken prisoner in 1940 by the Germans. While a prisoner of war in a camp near Lübeck in Germany, Braudel drafted his great work ''La Méditerranée et le Monde Méditerranéen à l'époque de Philippe II'' (''The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II''), without access to his books or notes but relying on his prodigious memory and a local library. Braudel became the leader of the second generation of ''Annales'' historians after 1945. In 1947, with Febvre and Charles Morazé, Braudel obtained funding from the Rockefeller Foundation in New York and founded the noted Sixième Section for "Economic and social sciences" at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes.〔He received an additional $1 million from the Ford Foundation in 1960. Francis X. Sutton, "The Ford Foundation's Transatlantic Role and Purposes, 1951–81." ''Review (Fernand Braudel Center)'' 2001 24(1): 77–104. Issn: 0147-9032〕 In 1962 he and Gaston Berger used the Ford Foundation grant and government funds to create a new independent foundation, the Fondation Maison des Sciences de l'Homme (FMSH), which Braudel directed from 1970 until his death. It was housed in the building called "Maison des Sciences de l'Homme". FMSH focused its activities on international networking in order to disseminate the ''Annales'' approach to Europe and the world. In 1972 he gave up all editorial responsibility on the journal, although his name remained on the masthead. In 1962, he wrote ''A History of Civilizations'' as the basis for a history course, but its rejection of the traditional event-based narrative was too radical for the French ministry of education, which in turn rejected it.〔Richard Mayne, "Translator's Introduction" in Fernand Braudel, ''A History of Civilization,'' (New York: Penguin Books, 1993), pp. xxvi–xxvii.〕 A feature of Braudel's work was his compassion for the suffering of marginal people.〔Fernand Braudel, ''A History of Civilizations'', translated by Richard Mayne (New York: Penguin Books, 1993).〕 He articulated that most surviving historical sources come from the literate wealthy classes. He emphasized the importance of the ephemeral lives of slaves, serfs, peasants, and the urban poor, demonstrating their contributions to the wealth and power of their respective masters and societies. His work was often illustrated with contemporary depictions of daily life, rarely with pictures of noblemen or kings. In 1949 Braudel was elected to the Collège de France upon Febvre’s retirement. He co-founded the academic journal, ''Revue économique,'' in 1950.〔(''Revue économique'' official web site )〕〔Braudel, Fernand. "Pour une économie historique." ''Revue économique'', Vol. 1, No. 1 (May, 1950), pp. 37-44.〕 He retired in 1968. In 1983, he was elected to the Académie française. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fernand Braudel」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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